Criminal justice : a brief introduction / Frank Schmalleger.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

pt. I: Crime in America -- 1. What is criminal justice? -- Brief history of crime in America -- Criminal justice and basic fairness -- Due process and individual rights -- The role of courts in defining rights -- Crime control through due process -- Evidence-based practice in criminal justice -- Multiculturalism and diversity in criminal justice -- 2. The crime picture -- Crime data and social policy -- Collection of crime data -- The UCR/NIBRS (National Incident-Based Reporting System) -- Race and criminal justice system, pt. I, Identity theft: an new kind of larceny -- Career: instructor of criminal justice -- Offenses -- National crime victimization survey (NCVS) Special categories of crime -- Crime against women -- Gender issues in criminal justice -- Crime against the elderly -- Hate crime -- Corporate and white-collar crime -- Organized crime -- Gun crime -- Drug crime -- High-technology and computer crime -- What is terrorist activity? -- Terrorism -- 3. Criminal law -- Nature and purpose of law -- The Rule of Law -- Types of law -- General categories of crime -- Should violent speech be free speech? -- General features of crime: the criminal act (Actus Reus), a guilty mind (Mens Rea), concurrence -- Elements of a specific criminal offense -- The example of murder -- The Corpus Delicti of a crime -- Types of defenses to a criminal charge -- Islamic Law -- Alibi -- Justifications -- Excuses -- Procedural defenses --

pt. II: Policing -- 4. Policing: purpose and organization -- The Police Mission -- Enforcing the law -- Apprehending offenders -- Preventing crime -- Preserving the peace -- Providing services -- American policing today: from the Federal to the local level -- Federal agencies -- State agencies -- Local agencies -- Fusion centers -- Police administration -- Police organization and structure -- Fusion centers: Chain of command -- Policing epochs and styles -- The Watchman style of policing -- The legalistic style of policing -- The service style of policing -- Police-community relations -- Team policing -- Community policing -- Evidence-based policing -- The Kansas City experiment -- Discretion and the individual officer -- 5. Policing: legal aspects -- The abuse of police power -- The Rodney King incident -- A changing legal climate -- Individual rights -- Checks and balances -- Due process requirements -- Search and seizure -- The Warren Court (1953-1969) -- The Burger Court (1969-1986) -- The Rehnquist Court (1986-2005) -- Plain-view requirements -- Career: Patrol officer -- Arrest -- Legal issues being raised in subway searches -- Searches incident to arrest -- Emergency searches of persons -- Vehicle searches -- Religion and public safety -- Suspicionless searches -- High-technology searches -- The intelligence function -- Informants -- Police interrogation -- The Right to a Lawyer at interrogation -- Suspect rights: the Miranda Decision -- The Miranda Warnings -- Gathering of special kinds of nontestimonial evidence -- Electronic eavesdropping -- The USA Patriot Act of 2001 and the USA Patriot Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005 -- 6. Policing: issues and challenges -- Police personality and culture -- Corruption and integrity -- Policing a multicultural society -- Money: the root of police evil? -- Building police integrity -- The Law Enforcement Oath of Honor -- Drug testing of police employees -- The dangers of police work -- Police DNA collection sparks questions -- Violence in the line of duty -- Risk of disease and infected evidence -- Stress and fatigue among police officers -- Career: Police officer -- Terrorism's impact on policing -- The FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Forces -- Intelligence-led policing and antiterrorism -- Information sharing and antiterrorism -- Police civil liability -- Common sources of civil suits -- Federal lawsuits -- Racial profiling and biased policing -- Is the LAPD's Community Mapping Project a form of religious profiling? -- Racially biased policing -- Police use of force -- Deadly force -- Less-lethal weapons -- Professionalism and ethics -- The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics -- Education and training -- Recruitment and selection -- Ethnic and gender diversity in policing -- Investigating crime in a multicultural setting -- Women as effective police officers -- Private protective services -- Do sex-offender websites spur vigilantism? -- Integration of public and private security --

pt. III: Adjudication -- 7. The courts -- History and structure of the American Court System -- The State Court System -- The Federal Court System -- U.S. District Courts -- U.S. Courts of Appeal -- The U.S. Supreme Court -- Pretrial activities -- The first appearance -- The International Criminal Court -- Nonjudicial pretrial release decisions -- The Grand Jury -- The preliminary hearing -- Arraignment and the plea -- 8. The courtroom work group and the criminal trial -- The Judge -- The Prosecuting Attorney -- The Defense Counsel -- Career: Attorney and Instructor of Criminal Justice -- Public defenders reject new cases -- The American Bar Association's Model Rules of Professional Conduct -- The Bailiff -- The Trial Court Administrator -- The Court Reporter -- The Clerk of the Court -- Expert witnesses -- Outsiders: nonprofessional courtroom participants -- Lay witnesses -- Jurors -- The victim -- The defendant -- Spectators and the Press -- The criminal trial -- Procedure -- Nature and purpose -- Stages in a criminal trial -- Trial initiation -- Jury selection -- Opening statements -- Presentation of evidence -- Pretrial and post-trial motions -- Closing arguments -- Judge's charge to the jury -- Jury deliberations and the verdict -- Social networking among jurors is trying judges' patience -- The bilingual courtroom -- 9. Sentencing -- The philosophy and goals of criminal sentencing -- Retribution -- Incapacitation -- Deterrence -- Rehabilitation -- Restoration -- Indeterminate sentencing -- Explanation of indeterminate sentencing -- Critiques of indeterminate sentencing -- Structured sentencing -- Aggravating and mitigating circumstances -- Federal sentencing guidelines -- The legal environment of structured sentencing -- Three-strike laws -- Mandatory sentencing -- Innovations in sentencing -- Alternative sentencing options -- Questions about alternative sanctions -- The presentence investigation -- Career: Instructor of Criminal Justice -- The victim: forgotten no longer -- Victims' rights -- Victims' rights in California -- To what degree should the personal values of workers in the Criminal Justice System influence job performance? -- Victim-impact statements -- Modern sentencing options -- Sentencing rationales -- Sentencing practices -- Fines -- Death: the ultimate sanction -- Habeas Corpus review -- Opposition to capital punishment -- Justifications for capital punishment -- The Courts and the death penalty -- To execute or not: a question of cost? -- The future of the death penalty -- What are the limits of genetic privacy? --

pt. IV: Corrections -- 10. Probation, parole, and community corrections -- What is probation? -- The extent of probation -- Probation conditions -- Culturally skilled probation officers -- The Federal Probation System -- What is parole? -- The extent of parole -- Parole conditions -- Federal parole -- Probation and parole: the pluses and minuses -- Advantages of probation and parole -- Disadvantages of probation and parole -- The legal environment -- Should DNA links to unsolved cases be used to deny parole? -- The job of probation and parole officers -- Job descriptions -- The challenges of the job -- Career: Probation Officer -- Intermediate sanctions -- Split sentencing -- Shock probation and shock parole -- Shock incarceration -- Mixed sentencing and community service -- Intensive probation supervision -- American Probation and Parole Association Code of Ethics -- Home confinement and remote location monitoring -- The future of probation and parole -- More sex offenders tracked by satellite -- Changes in reentry policies -- The reinvention of probation -- 11. Prisons and jails -- Prisons -- The philosophy of imprisonment -- Overcrowding -- Security levels -- California inmate release prompts public safety debate -- Prison classification systems -- The Federal prison system -- Recent improvements -- Jails -- Women and jail -- The growth of jails -- Direct-supervision jails -- Jails and the future -- American Jail Association Code of Ethics for Jail Officers -- Private prisons -- Arguments for and against the privatization of prisons -- 12. Prison life -- Research on prison life: total institutions -- The male inmate's world -- The evolution of prison subcultures -- Prison argot: the language of confinement -- The functions of prison subcultures -- Prison lifestyles and inmate types -- Homosexuality and sexual victimization in prison -- The female inmate's world -- Gender responsiveness -- Institutions for women -- Social structure in women's prisons -- Types of female inmates -- Violence in women's prisons -- The staff world -- Facts and figures -- The professionalization of Corrections Officers -- The Commission on Safety and Abuse in America's Prisons -- American Correctional Association Code of Ethics -- Prison riots -- Causes of riots -- Prisoners' rights -- The legal basis of Prisoners' Rights -- Censoring prison communications -- Grievance procedures -- A return to the hands-off doctrine? -- Should prison libraries limit access to potentially inflammatory literature? -- Issues facing prisons today: AIDS -- Geriatric offenders -- Mentally ill and mentally deficient inmates -- Terrorism -- Feds target terrorist recruiting in prisons --

The Juvenile Justice System -- 13. Juvenile Justice -- Juvenile Justice through history -- The Juvenile Court Era -- The legal environment -- Legislation concerning children and justice -- The legal rights of juveniles -- The Juvenile Justice process today -- Adult and Juvenile Justice compared -- Adult criminal case processing versus the Juvenile Justice System -- The way the system works - Juvenile courts versus adult courts -- The Post-Juvenile Court Era -- Appendix A: Bill of Rights -- Appendix B: List of acronyms.