Basic concepts of environmental chemistry / by Des W. Connell.

Rev. ed. of: Basic concepts of environmental chemistry / Des W. Connell ... [et al.]. 1997.

Includes index.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

pt. I. Principles of environmental chemistry -- 1. The role and importance of environmental chemistry -- 1.1. Alchemy -- 1.2. The chemical age -- 1.3. Environmental chemistry -- 1.4. The scope of environmental chemistry -- 1.5. Chemistry in environmental management -- 1.6. Basic concept of this book -- 1.7. Key points -- pt. II. Basic properties of chemicals in the environment -- 2. Bonds and molecules : their influence on physical-chemical properties in the environment -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. States of matter in the environment -- 2.3. Nature of bonds -- 2.4. Polarity of molecules -- 2.5. Ionic compounds -- 2.6. Intermolecular forces -- 2.7. Physical-chemical properties of compounds -- 2.8. Partition behavior -- 2.9. Key points -- 3. Environmental transformation and degradation processes -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Abiotic transformation and degradation -- 3.3. Biotransformation and biodegradation -- 3.4. Kinetics of transformation and degradation -- 3.5. Key points -- 4. Environmental toxicology -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Routes and mechanisms of toxicant entry to organisms -- 4.3. Distribution of toxicants within the organism -- 4.4. Biotransformation of toxicants -- 4.5. Excretion of toxicants -- 4.6. Classes of poisons based on effect -- 4.7. Quantitative principles of toxicology -- 4.8. Experimental testing for toxicity : bioassays -- 4.9. Alternative, more humane methods for toxicity assessment -- 4.10. Key points --

pt. III. Contaminants in the environment -- 5. Petroleum hydrocarbons -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Chemical nature of petroleum -- 5.3. Petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment -- 5.4. Petroleum and aquatic organisms -- 5.5. Key points -- 6. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. The naming system for PCBs and PCDDs : nomenclature -- 6.3. Sources of environmental contamination -- 6.4. Physical-chemical properties of PCBs and dioxins -- 6.5. Environmental distribution and behavior -- 6.6. Toxicity -- 6.7. Key points -- 7. Synthetic polymers : plastics, elastomers, and synthetic fibers -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. The nature of synthetic polymers -- 7.3. Classification and definitions -- 7.4. Synthesis of synthetic polymers -- 7.5. Environmental characteristics -- 7.6. Key points -- 8. Pesticides -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. The chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides -- 8.3. The organophosphate insecticides -- 8.4. The carbamates -- 8.5. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids -- 8.6. Phenoxyacetic acid herbicides -- 8.7. Key points -- 9. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Chemical nature of PAHs -- 9.3. Environmental properties -- 9.4. Formation of PAHs -- 9.5. Sources of PAHs -- 9.6. Occurrence and behavior of PAHs in the environment -- 9.7. Carcinogenicity and toxicity of the PAHs -- 9.8. Effects on human health and the natural environment -- 9.9. Key points -- 10. Soaps and detergents -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Surfactants : the active cleaning agents -- 10.3. Synthesis -- 10.4. Detergents -- 10.5. Cationic surfactants -- 10.6. Toxicity -- 10.7. Biodegradation -- 10.8. Sorption and bioaccumulation -- 10.9. Natural surfactants -- 10.10. Key points -- 11. Metals in the environment -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Sources of metals in the environment -- 11.3. Behavior and fate in abiotic environments -- 11.4. Transport and transformations in biota -- 11.5. Biological effects of metals -- 11.6. Toxic effects -- 11.7. Organometallic compounds -- 11.8. Radionuclides -- 11.9. Key points --

pt. IV. Processes in the natural environment -- 12. Atmospheric chemistry and pollution -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Overview of photosynthesis and respiration -- 12.3. The environmental significance of photosynthesis and respiration -- 12.4. Reactive intermediates in the atmosphere -- 12.5. Formation of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and related compounds -- 12.6. Halogenated hydrocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, and the ozone layer -- 12.7. Formation of oxides of sulfur and nitrogen and acid rain -- 12.8. Key points -- 13. Chemistry of natural waters and water pollution -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Physicochemical properties of water -- 13.3. Organic components in natural waters -- 13.4. Carbon and nitrogen transformations in natural water bodies -- 13.5. Estuarine systems -- 13.6. Oceanic systems -- 13.7. Deoxygenating substances in water bodies -- 13.8. Nutrient enrichment and eutrophication -- 13.9. Key points -- 14. Soil contamination -- 14.1. Introduction -- 14.2. Sources of soil contamination -- 14.3. Chemical nature of soil contaminants -- 14.4. Important environmental properties of soils -- 14.5. Important environmental properties of soil contaminants -- 14.6. Distribution of soil contaminants -- 14.7. Ecological and health effects of soil contamination -- 14.8. Key points -- 15. Distribution of chemicals in the environment -- 15.1. Introduction -- 15.2. Two-phase partition processes in the environment -- 15.3. The fugacity concept -- 15.4. Fugacity and chemical distribution -- 15.5. The fugacity capacity factors (Z values) -- 15.6. Chemical distribution in a model environment -- 15.7. Key points -- 16. Genotoxicity : the action of environmental chemicals on genetic material -- 16.1. Introduction -- 16.2. The genetic code -- 16.3. Teratogens and teratogenesis -- 16.4. Mutagens and mutagenesis -- 16.5. Carcinogens and carcinogenesis -- 16.6. Key points -- pt. V. Management of hazardous chemicals -- 17. Monitoring of chemicals in the environment -- 17.1. Introduction -- 17.2. Monitoring and sampling the environment -- 17.3. Techniques for chemical analysis -- 17.4. Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) -- 17.5. Reporting of results -- 17.6. Key points -- 18. Human health and ecological risk assessment due to exposure to chemicals -- 18.1. Introduction -- 18.2. The risk assessment : process and principles -- 18.3. Human health risk assessment -- 18.4. Ecological risk assessment and ecotoxicology -- 18.5. Key points.

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